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2007/2008 Report
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2007/2008 Report

China
HDI Rank - 81
Excel

01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.777
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200572.5
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200590.9
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200569.11
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20056,7572
Life expectancy index0.792
Education index0.837
GDP index0.703
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank5
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0572.5
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200590.9
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200569.1
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20056,757
Population, total (thousands), 20041,312,979
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-051.7
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200527
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 2004..
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.1 [<0.2]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/0412
Population using an improved water source (%), 200477
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 19750.530
Human development index (trends), 19800.559
Human development index (trends), 19850.595
Human development index (trends), 19900.634
Human development index (trends), 19950.691
Human development index (trends), 20000.732
Human development index (trends), 20050.777
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank29
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)11.7
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-056.83
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-20059.1
Population not using an improved water source (%), 200423
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-20058
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-20059.9
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-200534.9
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-20044.64
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank- 3
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank..
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-0516.5
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 2006..
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-2004..4
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-04..4
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank..
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 1975927.85
Population, total (millions), 20051,313.05
Population, total (millions), 20151,388.65
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20051.25
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-150.65
Population, urban (% of total population), 197517.4
Population, urban (% of total population), 200540.4
Population, urban (% of total population), 201549.2
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200521.6
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201518.5
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20057.7
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20159.6
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-754.9
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-051.7
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20041.86
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.96
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 2004277
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 200586
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200586
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-2005..
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-200587
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-200597
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-041064
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 199023
Population using improved sanitation (%), 200444
Population using an improved water source (%), 199070
Population using an improved water source (%), 200477
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92167
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-04127
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-20058
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005194
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-20054
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 8..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)..
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.1 [<0.2]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-2005..
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 2005208
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 200580
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200394
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-0448
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04678
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7563.29
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0572.09
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 197085
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200523
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970120
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200527
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0580.99
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0573.89
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-200451
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 200045
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19912.2
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-051.910
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 199112.7
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-0513.010
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-05361110
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-05381110
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-05211110
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-199577.8
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200590.9
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-199594.3
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-200598.9
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 199197
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 2005..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 2005..
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 199186
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 2004..
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-2005..
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 19906
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 2005269
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 1990(.)
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 2005302
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19900
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 200585
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 200516
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 20050.1
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-20051.44
Researchers in R&D (per million people), 1990-2005708
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 20052,234.3
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 20058,814.912
GDP per capita (US$), 20051,713
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 20056,75712
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20058.4
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20058.8
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-20056,757
GDP per capita, year of highest value2005
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-20055.1
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-051.8
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year200413
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)1.6
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)4.3
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)51.9
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)34.9
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%21.6
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%12.2
Gini index46.9
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199016
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200532
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199019
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200537
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 199027
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 20058
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 199072
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 200592
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 19906.114
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 200530.6
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-200592
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 1990..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 2005..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 1990..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 2005..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-1997..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-2005..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 1990..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 2005..
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 20051,756.9
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 20051.3
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 19900.6
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 20050.1
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 19901.0
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20053.5
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 19901.3
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 20051.1
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19902.0
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20051.2
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 199011.7
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 20053.1
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20041.815
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19912.2
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-051.916
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 19902.7
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 20052.0
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19902.0
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20051.2
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 2006..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 2006..
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-2006..
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 2006..
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-20058,390
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-20054.2
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-2005..
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-2005737,400
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-200544
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-200518
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-200516
Survey year, 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 20041,684
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-20042.1
Electrification rate (%)99
Population without electricity (millions)8.5
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 20044.4
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-20041.1
Forest area (% total land), 200521.2
Forest area (thousand sq km), 20051,972.9
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-2005401.5
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-20051.7
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 1990863.2
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 20051,717.2
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 199061.2
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 200563.3
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 199012.8
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200518.5
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 19901.5
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 20052.3
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 19901.3
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 20052.0
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 199023.2
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 200513.0
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050.8
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 19902,398.9
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 20045,007.1
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-20047.8
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 199010.6
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 200417.3
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 19902.1
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 20043.8
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 19902.77
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 20043.11
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19901.30
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.70
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-2005- 334.9
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 20056,096.0
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)2005
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1993
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)2002
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1993
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19881989
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)1991
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 20012004
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)1996
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1997
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 2006301
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 2006141
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 19961,274
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 20063,261
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 2006564
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-062
Armed forces (thousands), 20072,255
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 200758
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-20042.14
Prison population total, 200715484984
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 20071184
Prison population (% female), 20075
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty..4
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 200572
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 20050.776
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200574.34
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200571.04
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200586.5
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 200595.1
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 200569
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 200570
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 20055,22017
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 20058,21317
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 20051
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank57
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value0.534
Seats in parliament (% held by women)20.3
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-200517
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-200552
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.64
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 200586.5
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.91
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 200598.5
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.99
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 2005..
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200511218
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)0.9918
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 20057418
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20051.0018
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200520
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20050.95
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200568.8
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 200594
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200583
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2005..
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2004..
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2003..
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2003..
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2003..
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2003..
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-2005..
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-2004..
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1949
Year women received right to stand for election1949
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1954 E
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 20056.3
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 199021.3
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 200720.3
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 2007NA
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 19481983
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19651981
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 196619984
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19662001
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791980
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 19841988
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891992
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)1990
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)2006
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)1999
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)2002

Notes:
1 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
2 - World Bank estimate based on a bilateral comparison between China and the United States (Ruoen, Ren, and Chen Kai. 1995. “China’s GDP in U.S. Dollars Based on Purchasing Power Parity.” Policy Research Working Paper 1415. World Bank, Washington, D.C).
3 - Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country.
4 -
5 - Population estimates include Taiwan Province of China.
6 - Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country.
7 - Data for China include Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan Province.
8 - Data refer to 2005.
9 - For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, SARs of China.
10 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified (in the period 1999 to 2001).
11 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
12 - Estimate based on a bilateral comparison between China and the United States (Ruoen, Ren, and Chen Kai. 1995. “China’s GDP in U.S. Dollars Based on Purchasing Power Parity.” Policy Research Working Paper 1415. World Bank, Washington, D.C).
13 - Data refer to income shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita income.
14 - Data refer to the closest available year between 1988 and 1992.
15 - Data differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of the country.
16 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified; from 1999 onwards.
17 - No wage data are available. For the purposes of calculating the estimated female and male earned income, a value of 0.75 was used for the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage.
18 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.