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2007/2008 Human Development Report

Eritrea
HDI Rank - 157
ExcelCountry Factsheet

01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.483
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200556.6
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..1
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200535.32
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20051,1093
Life expectancy index0.527
Education index0.521
GDP index0.402
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank6
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0556.6
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200535.3
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20051,109
Population, total (thousands), 20044,527
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-055.5
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200578
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200447
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20052.4 [1.3–3.9]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/0475
Population using an improved water source (%), 200460
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 1975..
Human development index (trends), 1980..
Human development index (trends), 1985..
Human development index (trends), 1990..
Human development index (trends), 19950.435
Human development index (trends), 20000.459
Human development index (trends), 20050.483
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank76
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)36.0
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-0524.1
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..4
Population not using an improved water source (%), 200440
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200540
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-2005..
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-2005..
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-200453.05
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank..
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank..
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-0547.4
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 2006..
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-2004..5
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-04..5
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank..
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 19752.1
Population, total (millions), 20054.5
Population, total (millions), 20156.2
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20052.5
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-153.1
Population, urban (% of total population), 197513.5
Population, urban (% of total population), 200519.4
Population, urban (% of total population), 201524.3
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200543.0
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201542.6
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20052.3
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20152.5
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-756.5
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-055.5
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20041.8
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.7
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 200427
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 200591
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200584
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-200554
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-20058
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-200528
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-0455
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 19907
Population using improved sanitation (%), 20049
Population using an improved water source (%), 199043
Population using an improved water source (%), 200460
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92706
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-0475
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200540
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005445
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-200514
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 82002
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)7
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)81
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)74
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)91
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)45
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)18
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)48
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)38
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)100
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)65
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20052.4 [1.3–3.9]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-20054
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-20054
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 2005515
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 200513
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200385
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-04..5
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04..5
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7544.1
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0555.2
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970143
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200550
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970237
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200578
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0550.2
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0536.4
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-20041,000
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 20004505
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 1991..
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-055.4
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 1991..
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-0525
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-0513
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-0548
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-1995..
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-1995..
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-2005..
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 1991167
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200547
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 200525
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 1991..
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 200479
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-200537
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 1990..
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 20059
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 19900
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 20059
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19900
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 200516
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 2005..
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 2005..
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-2005..
Researchers in R&D (per million people), 1990-2005..
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 20051.0
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 20054.98
GDP per capita (US$), 2005220
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 20051,1098
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-2005..
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20050.39
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-20051,4359
GDP per capita, year of highest value1997
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-2005..
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-05..
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year..
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)..
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)..
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)..
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)..
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%..
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%..
Gini index..
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 19904510
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200556
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 19901110
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 20059
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 1990..
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 2005..
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 1990..
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 2005..
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 1990..
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 2005..
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-200593
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 1990..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 2005..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 1990..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 2005..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-1997..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-2005..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 1990..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 2005..
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005355.2
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 200580.7
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 1990..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 200536.6
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 1990..
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20051.2
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 1990..
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 20050
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20052.1
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 2005..
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20041.8
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 1991..
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-055.4
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 1990..
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 200524.111
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20052.1
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 2006..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 2006..
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-2006..
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 2006..
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-2005..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-2005..
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-2005..
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-2005825
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-200545
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-2005195
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-2005775
Survey year, 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 200467
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-2004..
Electrification rate (%)20
Population without electricity (millions)3.5
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 2004..
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-2004..
Forest area (% total land), 200515.4
Forest area (thousand sq km), 200515.5
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-2005- 0.7
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-2005- 0.3
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 1990..
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 20050.8
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200535.2
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 2005(.)
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 200564.8
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 1990..
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 20040.8
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-2004..
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 1990..
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 2004(.)
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 1990..
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 20040.2
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 1990..
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 2004..
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 1990..
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.17
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-2005..
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 2005..
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)2005
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1995
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)2005
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1996
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19882005
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)2005
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 20012005
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1996
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 20065
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 2006187
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 199615
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 200670
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 20060
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-06..
Armed forces (thousands), 2007202
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 2007..
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-2004..
Prison population total, 2007..
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 2007..
Prison population (% female), 2007..
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty..5
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 2005136
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 20050.469
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200559.0
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200554.0
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200571.512
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 200571.512
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 200529
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 200541
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 2005689
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 20051,544
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 20050
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank..
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value..
Seats in parliament (% held by women)22.0
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-2005..
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-2005..
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.45
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 2005..
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 2005..
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 200543
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.86
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200557
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)0.81
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200523
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20050.59
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005(.)13
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20050.1513
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200558.1
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 200595
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200564
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2005..
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2004..
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2003..
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2003..
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2003..
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2003..
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-2005..
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-2004..
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote195514
Year women received right to stand for election195514
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1994 E
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 200517.6
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 1990..
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 200722.0
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 2007NA
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 1948..
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19652001
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19662002
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19662001
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791995
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 1984..
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891994
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)..

Notes:
1 - In the absence of recent data, estimates from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Institute for Statistics. 2003. Correspondence on adult and youth literacy rates. March. Montreal, based on outdated census or survey information, were used and should be interpreted with caution: Bahamas 95.8, Barbados 99.7, Comoros 56.8, Djibouti 70.3, Eritrea 60.5, Fiji 94.4, Gambia 42.5, Guinea-Bissau 44.8, Guyana 99.0, Haiti 54.8, Hong Kong, China (SAR) 94.6, Hungary 99.4, Lebanon 88.3, Poland 99.8 and Uzbekistan 99.4.
2 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
3 - World Bank estimate based on regression.
4 - In the absence of recent data, estimates from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Institute for Statistics. 2003. Correspondence on adult and youth literacy rates. March. Montreal based on outdated census or survey information, were used and should be interpreted with caution: Barbados 0.3, Comoros 43.2, Djibouti 29.7, Eritrea 39.5, Fiji 5.6, Gambia 57.5, Guinea-Bissau 55.2, Guyana 1.0, Haiti 45.2, and Lebanon 11.7.
5 -
6 - Data refer to the period 1993/95.
7 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
8 - World Bank estimates based on regression.
9 - Data refer to a period shorter than that specified.
10 - Data refer to the closest available year between 1988 and 1992.
11 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified; from 1999 onwards.
12 - In the absence of recent data, estimates from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Institute for Statistics. 2003. Correspondence on adult and youth literacy rates. March. Montreal, based on outdated census or survey information were used, and should be interpreted with caution.
13 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified.
14 - In November 1955, Eritrea was part of Ethiopia. The Constitution of sovereign Eritrea adopted on 23 May 1997 stipulates that "All Eritrean citizens, of eighteen years of age or more, shall have the right to vote."

Symbols :
.. Data not available
(.) Greater (or less) than zero but small enough to be rounded off to zero at the displayed number of decimal points
<Less than
-Not applicable
TTotal