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2007/2008 Report
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The latest global Report on the theme of climate change has been launched on 27 November 2007.

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2007/2008 Report

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HDI Rank - 146
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01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.529
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200559.5
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..1
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 2005..2
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20051,6633
Life expectancy index0.575
Education index0.542
GDP index0.469
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank2
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0559.5
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 2005..
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20051,663
Population, total (thousands), 20049,296
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-054.0
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2005120
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 2004..
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20053.8 [2.2–5.4]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/0446
Population using an improved water source (%), 200454
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 1975..
Human development index (trends), 19800.442
Human development index (trends), 19850.462
Human development index (trends), 19900.472
Human development index (trends), 19950.487
Human development index (trends), 2000..
Human development index (trends), 20050.529
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank74
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)35.4
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-0521.4
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..4
Population not using an improved water source (%), 200446
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200517
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-200553.9
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-200578.0
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-200465.05
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank- 13
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank..
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-0537.9
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 2006..
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-2004..6
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-04..6
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank..
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 19755.1
Population, total (millions), 20059.3
Population, total (millions), 201510.8
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20052.0
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-151.5
Population, urban (% of total population), 197521.7
Population, urban (% of total population), 200538.8
Population, urban (% of total population), 201545.5
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200538.0
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201534.1
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20054.1
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20154.6
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-755.6
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-054.0
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.9
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20044.7
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 200482
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 200571
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200554
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-200541
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-200528
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-200524
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-04257
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 199024
Population using improved sanitation (%), 200430
Population using an improved water source (%), 199047
Population using an improved water source (%), 200454
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92656
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-0446
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200517
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005286
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-200521
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 82005-06
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)6
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)68
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)34
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)56
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)34
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)5
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)78
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)45
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)125
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)55
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20053.8 [2.2–5.4]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-200519
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-200530
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-200512
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 2005405
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 200557
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200380
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-0468
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04158
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7548.0
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0558.1
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970148
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200584
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970221
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2005120
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0557.5
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0550.8
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-2004520
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 20006706
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19911.4
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-05..
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 199120.0
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 199153
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 199119
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 19919
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-05..
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-1995..
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-1995..
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-2005..
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 199122
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 2005..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 2005..
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 1991..
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 2004..
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-2005..
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 19907
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 2005179
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 19900
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 2005489
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19900
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 200570
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 2005..
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 20050
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-2005..
Researchers in R&D (per million people), 1990-2005..
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 20054.3
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 200514.210
GDP per capita (US$), 2005500
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 20051,66310
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-2005- 2.2
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-2005- 2.0
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-20053,151
GDP per capita, year of highest value1980
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-200519.6
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-0515.7
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year200111
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)0.7
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)2.4
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)63.4
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)47.7
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%71.7
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%26.6
Gini index59.2
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199020
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 20054512
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199018
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 20051612
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 199015
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 2005..
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 199085
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 2005..
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 199013.8
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 2005..
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-200587
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 1990..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 2005..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 1990..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 2005..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-1997..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-2005..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 1990..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 2005..
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005515.0
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 200560.4
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 19905.8
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 200512.1
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 19900.3
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20050.2
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 19900
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 20050
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19901.3
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20051.4
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 199011.1
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 20053.7
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.9
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19911.4
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-05..
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 1990..
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 2005..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19901.3
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20051.4
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 2006..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 2006..
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-2006..
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 2006..
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-2005..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-2005..
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-2005..
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-2005..
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-200551
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-200511
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-200539
Survey year, 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 200461
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-2004- 0.2
Electrification rate (%)36
Population without electricity (millions)5.5
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 20046.2
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-2004- 0.4
Forest area (% total land), 20053.8
Forest area (thousand sq km), 20051.1
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-2005- 0.1
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-2005- 0.6
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 19901.6
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 20052.5
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 19900.5
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 199020.5
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200523.2
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 19902.5
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050.9
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 199076.5
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 200575.8
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 19901.0
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 20041.8
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-20045.5
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 1990(.)
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 2004(.)
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 19900.1
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 20040.2
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 19900.63
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 20040.80
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19900.07
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.14
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-20050.2
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 20058.3
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)200013
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1996
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)2005
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1996
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19882000
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 2001200113
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)1996
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1996
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 200621
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 1996..
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 2006..
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 2006..
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-06..
Armed forces (thousands), 2007..
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 2007..
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-2004..
Prison population total, 20073670
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 200743
Prison population (% female), 20077
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty1987
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 2005..
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 2005..
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200561.3
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200557.7
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200556.514
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 200556.514
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 2005..
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 2005..
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 20051,14615
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 20052,19515
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 2005..
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank..
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value..
Seats in parliament (% held by women)6.3
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-2005..
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-2005..
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.52
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 2005..
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 2005..
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 2005..
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005..
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)..
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005..
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 2005..
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005..
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 2005..
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200555.6
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 200597
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200567
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200537
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200463
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-20036
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200315
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200357
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200323
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-2005..
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-2004..
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1957
Year women received right to stand for election1957
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1961 E
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 200525.0
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 1990..
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 20074.1
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 200713.3
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 19481950
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19651972
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661991
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 1966..
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791981
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 1984..
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891995
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)1979
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)1957
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)1958
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)1958
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)1958
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)1976
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)..

Notes:
1 - In the absence of recent data, estimates from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Institute for Statistics. 2003. Correspondence on adult and youth literacy rates. March. Montreal, based on outdated census or survey information, were used and should be interpreted with caution: Bahamas 95.8, Barbados 99.7, Comoros 56.8, Djibouti 70.3, Eritrea 60.5, Fiji 94.4, Gambia 42.5, Guinea-Bissau 44.8, Guyana 99.0, Haiti 54.8, Hong Kong, China (SAR) 94.6, Hungary 99.4, Lebanon 88.3, Poland 99.8 and Uzbekistan 99.4.
2 - Because the combined gross enrolment ratio was unavailable, the following HDRO estimates were used: Antigua and Barbuda 76, Bhutan 52, Ecuador 75, Haiti 53 and Turkmenistan 73.
3 - World Bank estimate based on regression.
4 - In the absence of recent data, estimates from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Institute for Statistics. 2003. Correspondence on adult and youth literacy rates. March. Montreal based on outdated census or survey information, were used and should be interpreted with caution: Barbados 0.3, Comoros 43.2, Djibouti 29.7, Eritrea 39.5, Fiji 5.6, Gambia 57.5, Guinea-Bissau 55.2, Guyana 1.0, Haiti 45.2, and Lebanon 11.7.
5 - Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country.
6 -
7 - Data refer to a year between 1997 and 1999.
8 - Data refer to 2005.
9 - Data refer to 2004.
10 - World Bank estimates based on regression.
11 - Data refer to income shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita income.
12 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified; from 2000 onwards.
13 - Signature not yet followed by ratification.
14 - In the absence of recent data, estimates from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Institute for Statistics. 2003. Correspondence on adult and youth literacy rates. March. Montreal, based on outdated census or survey information were used, and should be interpreted with caution.
15 - No wage data are available. For the purposes of calculating the estimated female and male earned income, a value of 0.75 was used for the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage.