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2007/2008 Human Development Report

Japan
HDI Rank - 8
ExcelCountry Factsheet

01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.953
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200582.3
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..1
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200585.9
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 200531,267
Life expectancy index0.954
Education index0.946
GDP index0.959
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank9
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0582.3
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200585.9
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 200531,267
Population, total (thousands), 2004127,897
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-051.3
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 20054
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 2004100
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 2005<0.1 [<0.2]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/04..
Population using an improved water source (%), 2004100
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 19750.861
Human development index (trends), 19800.886
Human development index (trends), 19850.899
Human development index (trends), 19900.916
Human development index (trends), 19950.929
Human development index (trends), 20000.941
Human development index (trends), 20050.953
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank..
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-051.7
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-20051.02
Population not using an improved water source (%), 20040
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005..
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-2005..
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-2005..
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-2004..2
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank..
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank12
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)11.7
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-056.9
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..3
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 20061.3
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-200411.84
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-04..2
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank- 1
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 1975111.5
Population, total (millions), 2005127.9
Population, total (millions), 2015126.6
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20050.5
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-15- 0.1
Population, urban (% of total population), 197556.8
Population, urban (% of total population), 200565.8
Population, urban (% of total population), 201568.2
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200513.9
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201512.5
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 200519.7
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 201526.2
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-752.1
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-051.3
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20046.3
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20041.5
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 20042,293
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 2005..
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200599
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-2005..
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-200556
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-20051005
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-041982
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 1990100
Population using improved sanitation (%), 2004100
Population using an improved water source (%), 1990100
Population using an improved water source (%), 2004100
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92..2
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-04..
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005..
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005..2
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-20058
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 8..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)..
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 2005<0.1 [<0.2]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-2005..
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 200538
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 200557
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200357
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-04152
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04472
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7573.3
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0581.9
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 197014
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 20053
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 197021
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 20054
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0593.8
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0586.1
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-20048
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 200062
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 1991..
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-053.6
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 1991..
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-059.8
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-053867
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-054067
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-051467
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-1995..
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-1995..
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-2005..
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 1991100
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 2005100
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 199197
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 20051008
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 1991100
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 2004..
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-200519
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 1990441
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 2005460
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 19907
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 2005742
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 1990(.)
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 2005668
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 2005857
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 2005138.0
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-20053.14540285993759
Researchers in R&D (per million people), 1990-20055,287
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 20054,534.0
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 20053,995.1
GDP per capita (US$), 200535,484
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 200531,267
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20052.2
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20050.8
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-200531,267
GDP per capita, year of highest value2005
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-20050.2
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-05- 0.3
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year19939
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)4.8
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)10.6
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)35.7
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)21.7
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%4.5
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%3.4
Gini index24.9
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199010
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 20051110
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199010
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 20051310
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 19903
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 20054
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 199096
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 200592
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 199023.8
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 200522.5
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-200583
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 200513,147
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 19900.31
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 20050.28
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 199091
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005103
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 199019
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 200518
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-19972.5
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-20054.6
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 199089
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 200590
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 2005..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 1990..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 2005..
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 19900.1
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20050.1
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 1990..
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 2005..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 2005..
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 2005..
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20046.3
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 1991..
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-053.6
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 19900.9
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 20051.0
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 2005..
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 20062,730.0
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 20064.1
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-20064.5
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 200691
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 20068.0
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 200681
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 200620.8
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 200640.9
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-20052,940
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-20054.4
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-200591
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-200563,560
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-20054
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-200528
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-200566
Survey year, 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 20048,459
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-20040.2
Electrification rate (%)100
Population without electricity (millions)..
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 20046.4
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-2004(.)
Forest area (% total land), 200568.2
Forest area (thousand sq km), 2005248.7
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-2005- 0.8
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-2005(.)
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 1990444.5
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 2005530.5
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 199017.4
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 200521.1
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 199057.4
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200547.4
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 19909.9
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 200513.3
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 19902.3
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 20052.0
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 19901.1
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 20051.2
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 199011.9
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 200515.0
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 19901,070.7
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 20041,257.2
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-20041.2
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 19904.7
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 20044.3
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 19908.7
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 20049.9
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 19902.40
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 20042.36
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19900.37
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.36
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-2005- 118.5
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 20051,892.0
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)2003
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1993
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)2002
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1993
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19881988
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)1988
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 20012002
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)1996
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1998
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 20062
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 2006(.)
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 1996813
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 2006400
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 20060
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-06..
Armed forces (thousands), 2007240
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 200799
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-20040.5
Prison population total, 200779055
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 200762
Prison population (% female), 20076
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty..2
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 200513
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 20050.942
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200585.7
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200578.7
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 2005..11
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 2005..11
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 200585
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 200587
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 200517,80212
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 200540,00012
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 2005- 5
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank54
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value0.557
Seats in parliament (% held by women)11.1
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-20051013
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-20054613
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.45
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 2005..
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 2005..
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 2005100
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.00
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005100
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)1.00
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005102
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20051.00
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200552
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20050.89
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200548.3
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 200596
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200566
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-20055
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-20044
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200318
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200335
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200377
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200359
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-200580
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-200420
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1945, 1947
Year women received right to stand for election1945, 1947
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1946 E
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 200512.5
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 19901.4
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 20079.4
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 200714.5
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 1948..
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19651995
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661979
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661979
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791985
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 19841999
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891994
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)1965
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)1953
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)1932
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)1967
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)2001

Notes:
1 - For purposes of calculating the HDI, a value of 99.0% was applied.
2 -
3 - For calculating HPI-2 an estimate of 16.4%, the unweighted average of countries with available data, was applied.
4 - Smeeding, Timothy M. 1997. “Financial Poverty in Developed Countries: The Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study.” Background paper for UNDP, Human Development Report 1997. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office, New York.
5 - Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country.
6 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
7 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified (in the period 1999 to 2001).
8 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
9 - Data refer to income shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita income.
10 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified; from 2000 onwards.
11 - For the purposes of calculating the GDI, a value of 99.0 % was applied.
12 - For the purpose of calculating the GDI, the female and male values appearing in this table were scaled downward to reflect the maximum values for adult literacy (99%), gross enrolment ratios (100%), and GDP per capita (40,000 (PPP US$)). For more details, see Technical note 1.
13 - Data follow the ISCO-68 classification.

Symbols :
.. Data not available
(.) Greater (or less) than zero but small enough to be rounded off to zero at the displayed number of decimal points
<Less than
-Not applicable
TTotal