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2007/2008 Report
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2007/2008 Report

Malawi
HDI Rank - 164
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01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.437
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200546.3
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200564.1
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200563.11
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 2005667
Life expectancy index0.355
Education index0.638
GDP index0.317
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank13
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0546.3
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200564.1
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200563.1
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 2005667
Population, total (thousands), 200413,226
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-056.0
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2005125
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200495
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 200514.1 [6.9–21.4]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/0435
Population using an improved water source (%), 200473
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 19750.330
Human development index (trends), 19800.355
Human development index (trends), 19850.370
Human development index (trends), 19900.388
Human development index (trends), 19950.444
Human development index (trends), 20000.431
Human development index (trends), 20050.437
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank79
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)36.7
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-0544.4
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200535.9
Population not using an improved water source (%), 200427
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200522
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-200520.8
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-200562.9
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-200465.32
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank11
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank..
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-0564.7
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 2006..
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-2004..2
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-04..2
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank..
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 19755.3
Population, total (millions), 200513.2
Population, total (millions), 201517.0
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20053.1
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-152.5
Population, urban (% of total population), 19757.7
Population, urban (% of total population), 200517.2
Population, urban (% of total population), 201522.1
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200547.1
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201544.6
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20053.0
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20153.1
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-757.4
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-056.0
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20049.6
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20043.3
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 200458
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 2005973
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200582
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-200551
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-200533
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-200556
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-0422
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 199047
Population using improved sanitation (%), 200461
Population using an improved water source (%), 199040
Population using an improved water source (%), 200473
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92502
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-0435
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200522
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005532
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-200516
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 82000
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)43
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)83
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)65
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)81
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)26
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)23
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)132
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)86
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)231
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)149
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 200514.1 [6.9–21.4]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-200535
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-200547
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-200515
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-200528
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 2005518
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 200539
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200371
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-0452
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04212
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7541.8
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0545.0
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970204
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200579
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970341
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2005125
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0533.7
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0527.4
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-2004980
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 20001,1002
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19913.2
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-055.8
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 199111.1
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-0524.64
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-0563
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-05..
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-199548.5
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200564.1
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-199559.0
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-200576.0
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 199148
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200595
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 200524
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 199164
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 200442
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-2005..
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 19903
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 20058
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 19900
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 200533
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19900
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 20054
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 20050
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 2005..
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-2005..
Researchers in R&D (per million people), 1990-2005..
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 20052.1
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 20058.6
GDP per capita (US$), 2005161
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 2005667
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-2005- 0.2
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20051.0
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-2005719
GDP per capita, year of highest value1979
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-200528.4
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-0515.4
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year2004-055
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)2.9
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)7.0
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)46.6
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)31.8
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%10.9
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%6.7
Gini index39.0
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199033
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200553
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199024
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200527
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 199093
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 200584
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 19907
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 200516
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 19903.8
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 20057.5
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-200582
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 1990..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 2005..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 1990..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 2005..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-1997..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-2005..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 1990..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 2005..
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005575.3
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 200544.7
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 199026.6
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 200527.8
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 19901.2
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20050.1
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 19900.1
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 2005- 0.1
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19907.1
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20054.6
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 199029.3
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 2005..
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20049.6
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19913.2
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-055.8
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 19901.3
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 20050.76
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19907.1
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20054.6
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 2006..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 2006..
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-2006..
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 2006..
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-2005..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-2005..
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-2005..
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-2005..
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-2005..
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-2005..
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-2005..
Survey year, 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 20041007
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-20040.1
Electrification rate (%)7
Population without electricity (millions)11.8
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 2004..
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-2004..
Forest area (% total land), 200536.2
Forest area (thousand sq km), 200534.0
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-2005- 4.9
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-2005- 0.8
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 1990..
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 2005..
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 2005..
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 2005..
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 2005..
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 2005..
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 2005..
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 1990..
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 2005..
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 19900.6
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 20041.0
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-20045.3
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 1990(.)
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 2004(.)
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 19900.1
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 20040.1
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 1990..
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 2004..
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19900.13
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.14
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-20055.6
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 2005161.0
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)20008
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1994
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)2001
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1994
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19881991
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)1991
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 200120028
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)19848
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1996
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 20064
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 2006(.)
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 1996..
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 2006..
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 20060
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-06..
Armed forces (thousands), 20075
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 200794
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-2004..
Prison population total, 20079656
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 200774
Prison population (% female), 20071
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty19922
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 2005142
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 20050.432
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200546.7
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200546.0
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200554.0
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 200574.9
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 200562
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 200564
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 20055659
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 20057719
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 20051
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank..
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value..
Seats in parliament (% held by women)13.6
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-2005..
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-2005..
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.73
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 200554.0
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.72
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 200570.7
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.86
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 200597
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.05
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005124
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)1.02
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200525
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20050.81
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005(.)10
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20050.5410
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200585.4
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 2005100
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200595
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2005..
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2004..
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2003..
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2003..
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2003..
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2003..
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-2005..
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-2004..
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1961
Year women received right to stand for election1961
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1964 E
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 200514.3
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 19909.8
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 200713.6
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 2007NA
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 1948..
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19651996
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661993
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661993
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791987
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 19841996
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891991
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)1999
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)1965
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)1999
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)1999
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)1965
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)1965
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)1999
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)1999

Notes:
1 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
2 -
3 - UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2005. State of the World's Children 2006. New York.
4 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified (in the period 1999 to 2001).
5 - Data refer to expenditure shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita expenditure.
6 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified; from 1999 onwards.
7 - Data are estimates produced by the UN Statistics Division.
8 - Signature not yet followed by ratification.
9 - No wage data are available. For the purposes of calculating the estimated female and male earned income, a value of 0.75 was used for the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage.
10 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified.