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2007/2008 Report
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The latest global Report on the theme of climate change has been launched on 27 November 2007.

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2007/2008 Report

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HDI Rank - 25
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01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.922
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200579.4
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200592.5
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200587.312
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 200529,663
Life expectancy index0.907
Education index0.908
GDP index0.950
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank- 6
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0579.4
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200592.5
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200587.3
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 200529,663
Population, total (thousands), 20044,327
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-051.4
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 20053
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 2004..
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.3 [0.2–0.7]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/04..
Population using an improved water source (%), 2004100
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 19750.729
Human development index (trends), 19800.762
Human development index (trends), 19850.789
Human development index (trends), 19900.827
Human development index (trends), 19950.865
Human development index (trends), 2000..
Human development index (trends), 20050.922
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank7
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)5.2
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-051.8
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-20057.5
Population not using an improved water source (%), 20040
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-20053
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-2005..
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-2005..
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-2004..3
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank..
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank..
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-057.7
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 2006..
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-2004..3
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-04..3
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank..
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 19752.3
Population, total (millions), 20054.3
Population, total (millions), 20154.8
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20052.2
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-151.1
Population, urban (% of total population), 1975100.0
Population, urban (% of total population), 2005100.0
Population, urban (% of total population), 2015100.0
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200519.5
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201512.8
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20058.5
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 201513.5
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-752.6
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-051.4
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20041.3
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.4
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 20041,118
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 200598
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200596
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-2005..
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-200562
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-2005100
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-041403
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 1990100
Population using improved sanitation (%), 2004100
Population using an improved water source (%), 1990100
Population using an improved water source (%), 2004100
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92..3
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-04..
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-20053
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-200543
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-20058
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 8..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)..
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.3 [0.2–0.7]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-2005..
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 200528
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 2005100
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200381
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-0444
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04244
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7569.5
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0578.8
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 197022
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 20053
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 197027
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 20053
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0590.8
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0584.4
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-20046
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 2000143
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19913.1
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-053.75
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 199118.2
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-05235
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-05435
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-05235
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-199589.1
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200592.5
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-199599.0
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-200599.5
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 2005..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 2005..
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 1991..
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 2004..
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-2005..
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 1990346
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 2005425
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 199017
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 20051,010
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19900
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 20055716
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 200596
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 2005125.8
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-20052.25
Researchers in R&D (per million people), 1990-20054,999
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 2005116.8
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 2005128.8
GDP per capita (US$), 200526,893
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 200529,663
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20054.7
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20053.6
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-200529,663
GDP per capita, year of highest value2005
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-20051.2
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-050.5
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year19987
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)1.9
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)5.0
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)49.0
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)32.8
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%17.7
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%9.7
Gini index42.5
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 1990..
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 2005213
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 1990..
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 2005243
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 199027
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 200515
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 199072
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 200581
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 199039.7
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 200556.6
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-200587
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 1990..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 2005..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 1990..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 2005..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-1997..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-2005..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 1990..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 2005..
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 2005..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 1990(.)
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 2005..
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 199015.1
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 200517.2
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 1990..
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 2005..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 2005..
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 2005..
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20041.3
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19913.1
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-053.78
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 19904.9
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 20054.7
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 2005..
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 2006..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 2006..
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-2006..
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 2006..
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-2005116
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-20055.3
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-200598
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-20052,267
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-20050
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-200530
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-200570
Survey year, 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 20048,685
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-20040.7
Electrification rate (%)100
Population without electricity (millions)0
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 20044.4
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-20040.3
Forest area (% total land), 20053.4
Forest area (thousand sq km), 2005(.)
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-20050
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-20050
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 199013.4
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 200530.1
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 19900.2
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 2005(.)
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 199099.8
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200580.3
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 200519.7
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 199045.1
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 200452.2
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-20041.1
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 19900.2
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 20040.2
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 199014.9
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 200412.3
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 19903.37
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 20042.04
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19900.99
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.48
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-2005..
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 2005..
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1997
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)2006
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1995
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19881989
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)1989
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 20012005
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)1994
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1999
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 2006(.)
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 1996153
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 200654
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 20060
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-06(.)
Armed forces (thousands), 200773
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 2007133
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-20040.5
Prison population total, 2007150383
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 20073503
Prison population (% female), 200711
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty..3
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 2005..
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 2005..
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200581.4
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200577.5
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200588.6
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 200596.6
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 2005..
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 2005..
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 200520,044
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 200539,150
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 2005..
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank16
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value0.761
Seats in parliament (% held by women)24.5
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-200526
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-200544
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.51
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 200588.6
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.92
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 200599.6
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.00
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 2005..
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005..
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)..
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005..
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 2005..
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005..
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 2005..
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200550.6
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 2005101
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200566
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-2005(.)
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-2004(.)
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200321
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200336
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200379
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200363
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-2005..
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-2004..
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1947
Year women received right to stand for election1947
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1963 E
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 20050
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 19904.9
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 200724.5
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 2007NA
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 19481995
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 1965..
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 1966..
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 1966..
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791995
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 1984..
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891995
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)1965
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)1965
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)[1965]9
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)2002
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)2005
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)2001

Notes:
1 - Data refer to a year other than that specified.
2 - Data are from national sources.
3 -
4 - Data refer to a period other than that specified.
5 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified (in the period 1999 to 2001).
6 - Data refer to 2004.
7 - Data refer to income shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita income.
8 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified; from 1999 onwards.
9 - Convention was denounced in 1979.