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2007/2008 Human Development Report

El Salvador
HDI Rank - 103
ExcelCountry Factsheet

01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.735
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200571.3
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200580.61
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200570.4
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20055,2552
Life expectancy index0.772
Education index0.772
GDP index0.661
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank- 3
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0571.3
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200580.6
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200570.4
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20055,255
Population, total (thousands), 20046,668
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-052.9
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200527
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200493
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.9 [0.5–3.8]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/0411
Population using an improved water source (%), 200484
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 19750.595
Human development index (trends), 19800.590
Human development index (trends), 19850.611
Human development index (trends), 19900.653
Human development index (trends), 19950.692
Human development index (trends), 20000.716
Human development index (trends), 20050.735
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank35
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)15.1
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-059.6
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200519.43
Population not using an improved water source (%), 200416
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200510
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-200519.0
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-200540.6
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-200437.24
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank- 15
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank..
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-0521.0
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 2006..
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-2004..4
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-04..4
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank..
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 19754.1
Population, total (millions), 20056.7
Population, total (millions), 20157.6
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20051.6
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-151.3
Population, urban (% of total population), 197541.5
Population, urban (% of total population), 200559.8
Population, urban (% of total population), 201563.2
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200534.1
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201529.7
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20055.5
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20156.5
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-756.1
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-052.9
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20043.5
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20044.4
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 2004375
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 200584
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200599
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-2005..
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-200567
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-200592
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-041244
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 199051
Population using improved sanitation (%), 200462
Population using an improved water source (%), 199067
Population using an improved water source (%), 200484
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92124
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-0411
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200510
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005254
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-20057
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 8..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)..
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.9 [0.5–3.8]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-2005..
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 200568
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 200567
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200390
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-04155
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04425
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7558.2
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0570.7
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970111
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200523
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970162
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200527
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0578.5
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0568.3
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-2004170
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 20001704
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19911.8
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-052.8
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 199115.2
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-0520.0
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-05606
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-05296
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-05116
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-199574.1
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200580.67
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-199584.9
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-200588.57
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200593
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 2005538
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 199158
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 2004698
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-200523
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 199024
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 2005141
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 19900
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 2005350
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19900
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 200593
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 2005..
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 20050.4
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-20058.03604102670624E-029
Researchers in R&D (per million people), 1990-200547
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 200517.0
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 200536.210
GDP per capita (US$), 20052,467
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 20055,25510
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20050.3
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20051.6
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-20055,745
GDP per capita, year of highest value1978
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-20055.9
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-054.7
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year200211
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)0.7
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)2.7
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)55.9
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)38.8
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%57.5
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%20.9
Gini index52.4
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199031
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200545
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199019
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200527
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 199062
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 20054012
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 199038
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 20056012
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 1990..
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 20054.112
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-200591
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 1990..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 2005..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 1990..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 2005..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-1997..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-2005..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 1990..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 2005..
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005199.4
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 200529.0
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 19907.2
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 20051.2
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 1990(.)
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20053.0
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 19900.1
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 20052.7
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19904.3
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20053.8
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 199015.3
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 20058.6
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20043.5
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19911.8
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-052.8
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 19902.0
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 20050.6
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19904.3
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 20053.8
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 2006..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 2006..
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-2006..
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 2006..
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-2005184
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-20056.8
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-200544
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-20052,526
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-200519
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-200524
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-200557
Survey year, 1990-200419974
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004574
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004694
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004464
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 2004732
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-20040.6
Electrification rate (%)80
Population without electricity (millions)1.4
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 20047.0
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-2004(.)
Forest area (% total land), 200514.4
Forest area (thousand sq km), 20053.0
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-2005- 0.8
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-2005- 1.4
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 19902.5
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 20054.6
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 2005(.)
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 199032.0
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200544.4
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 199019.8
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 200522.6
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 199048.1
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 200532.4
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 19902.6
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 20046.2
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-20049.7
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 1990(.)
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 2004(.)
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 19900.5
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 20040.9
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 19901.03
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 20041.37
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19900.14
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.20
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-2005..
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 2005..
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)2003
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1995
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1998
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1994
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19881992
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)1992
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 2001200113
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)198413
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1997
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 2006(.)
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 20066
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 19963
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 20060
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 2006..
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-06..
Armed forces (thousands), 200716
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 200738
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-200431.5
Prison population total, 200712176
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 2007174
Prison population (% female), 20076
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty19834
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 200591
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 20050.726
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200574.3
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200568.2
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200579.24
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 200582.14
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 200570
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 200570
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 20053,043
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 20057,543
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 20050
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank58
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value0.529
Seats in parliament (% held by women)16.7
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-200533
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-200545
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.40
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 200579.214
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.9614
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 200590.314
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.0414
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 200593
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.00
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005111
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)0.96
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200564
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20051.03
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200521
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20051.23
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200547.3
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 200593
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200562
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-20053
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200430
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200322
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200325
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200375
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200345
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-2005..
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-2004..
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1939
Year women received right to stand for election1961
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1961 E
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 200535.3
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 199011.7
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 200716.7
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 2007NA
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 19481950
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19651979
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661979
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661979
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791981
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 19841996
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891990
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)2006
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)2006
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)1995
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)1958
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)1995
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)1996
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)2000

Notes:
1 - UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates based on its Global Age-specific Literacy Projections model, April 2007.
2 - World Bank estimate based on regression.
3 - UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates based on its Global Age-specific Literacy Projections model, April 2007.
4 -
5 - Data refer to a period other than that specified.
6 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
7 - UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates based on its Global Age-specific Literacy Projections model, April 2007.
8 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
9 - Data refer to a year other than that specified
10 - World Bank estimates based on regression.
11 - Data refer to income shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita income.
12 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified; from 2000 onwards.
13 - Signature not yet followed by ratification.
14 - UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate based on its Global Age-specific Literacy Projections model, April 2007.

Symbols :
.. Data not available
(.) Greater (or less) than zero but small enough to be rounded off to zero at the displayed number of decimal points
<Less than
-Not applicable
TTotal