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2007/2008 Report
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The latest global Report on the theme of climate change has been launched on 27 November 2007.

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2007/2008 Report

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HDI Rank - 6
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01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.956
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200580.5
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..1
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200595.3
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 200532,525
Life expectancy index0.925
Education index0.978
GDP index0.965
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank7
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0580.5
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200595.3
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 200532,525
Population, total (thousands), 20049,038
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-051.7
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 20054
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200496
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.2 [0.1–0.3]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/04..
Population using an improved water source (%), 2004100
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 19750.872
Human development index (trends), 19800.882
Human development index (trends), 19850.893
Human development index (trends), 19900.904
Human development index (trends), 19950.935
Human development index (trends), 20000.952
Human development index (trends), 20050.956
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank..
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-051.6
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-20051.02
Population not using an improved water source (%), 20040
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005..
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-2005..
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-2005..
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-2004..2
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank..
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank1
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)6.3
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-056.7
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-20037.53
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 20061.1
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-20046.52
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-956.3
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-04..2
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank- 4
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 19758.2
Population, total (millions), 20059.0
Population, total (millions), 20159.4
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20050.3
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-150.4
Population, urban (% of total population), 197582.7
Population, urban (% of total population), 200584.2
Population, urban (% of total population), 201585.1
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200517.4
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201516.7
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 200517.2
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 201520.2
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-751.9
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-051.7
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20047.7
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20041.4
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 20042,828
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 200516
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200594
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-2005..
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-20057845
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-200510045
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-043282
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 1990100
Population using improved sanitation (%), 2004100
Population using an improved water source (%), 1990100
Population using an improved water source (%), 2004100
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92..2
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-04..
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005..
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005..2
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-20054
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 8..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)..
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.2 [0.1–0.3]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-2005..
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 20055
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 200556
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200364
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-04182
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04172
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7574.7
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0580.1
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 197011
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 20053
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 197015
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 20054
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0592.3
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0587.0
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-20045
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 200032
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19917.1
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-057.4
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 199113.8
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-0512.9
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 199148
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-0534
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 199120
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-0538
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 199113
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-0528
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-1995..
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-2005..
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-1995..
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-2005..
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 1991100
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200596
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 199185
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 200599
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 1991100
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 2004..
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-200526
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 1990683
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 20057176
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 199054
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 2005935
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19906
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 2005764
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 2005166
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 2005367.7
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-20053.74
Researchers in R&D (per million people), 1990-20055,416
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 2005357.7
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 2005293.5
GDP per capita (US$), 200539,637
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 200532,525
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20051.6
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20052.1
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-200532,525
GDP per capita, year of highest value2005
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-20051.6
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-050.5
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year20007
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)3.6
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)9.1
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)36.6
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)22.2
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%6.2
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%4.0
Gini index25.0
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199030
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200541
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199030
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200549
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 199016
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 200515
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 199083
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 200579
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 199013.3
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 200516.7
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-200590
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 20053,362
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 19900.91
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 20050.94
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990256
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005371
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 199039
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 200533
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-199710.3
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-200515.2
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 199087
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 200598
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 2005..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 1990..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 2005..
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 19900.8
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20053.0
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 1990..
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 2005..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 2005..
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 2005..
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20047.7
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19917.1
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-057.4
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 19902.6
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 20051.5
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 2005..
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 2006331.9
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 20067.0
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-20066.9
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006103
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 200621.3
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006102
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 200612.2
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 200616.1
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-2005270
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-20056.0
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-200592
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-20054,263
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-20052
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-200522
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-200576
Survey year, 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 200416,670
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-2004(.)
Electrification rate (%)100
Population without electricity (millions)..
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 20044.5
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-20040.1
Forest area (% total land), 200566.9
Forest area (thousand sq km), 2005275.3
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-20051.6
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-2005(.)
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 199047.6
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 200552.2
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 19906.2
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 20055.0
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 199030.8
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200528.5
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 19901.2
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 20051.6
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 199013.1
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 200512.7
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 199011.6
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 200517.2
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 199037.4
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 200536.2
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 199049.5
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 200453.0
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-20040.5
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 19900.2
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 20040.2
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 19905.8
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 20045.9
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 19901.04
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 20040.98
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19900.26
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.21
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-2005- 30.2
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 20051,170.0
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)2002
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1993
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)2002
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1993
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19881986
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)1988
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 20012002
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)1996
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1995
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 200680
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 2006(.)
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 1996104
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 2006122
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 2006472
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-062
Armed forces (thousands), 200728
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 200743
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-20042.4
Prison population total, 20077450
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 200782
Prison population (% female), 20075
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty1972
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 20055
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 20050.955
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200582.7
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200578.3
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 2005..8
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 2005..8
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 20051009
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 2005919
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 200529,044
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 200536,059
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 20051
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank2
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value0.906
Seats in parliament (% held by women)47.3
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-200530
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-200551
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.81
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 2005..
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 2005..
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 2005..
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 200596
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.00
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200597
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)1.00
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005103
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20051.00
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005100
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20051.55
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200558.7
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 200593
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200587
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-20051
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-20043
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-20039
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200334
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200390
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200363
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-200550
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-200450
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1919, 1921
Year women received right to stand for election1919, 1921
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1921 E
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 200552.4
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 199038.4
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 200747.3
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 2007NA
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 19481952
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19651971
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661971
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661971
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791980
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 19841986
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891990
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)1949
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)1950
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)1931
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)1958
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)1962
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)1962
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)1990
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)2001

Notes:
1 - For purposes of calculating the HDI, a value of 99.0% was applied.
2 -
3 - Based on OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and Statistics Canada. 2000. Literacy in the Information age. Final Report on the International Adult Literacy Survey. OECD Publishing. Paris. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
4 - Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country.
5 - UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2005. State of the World's Children 2006. New York.
6 - Data refer to 2004.
7 - Data refer to income shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita income.
8 - For the purposes of calculating the GDI, a value of 99.0 % was applied.
9 - For the purpose of calculating the GDI, the female and male values appearing in this table were scaled downward to reflect the maximum values for adult literacy (99%), gross enrolment ratios (100%), and GDP per capita (40,000 (PPP US$)). For more details, see Technical note 1.