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Adjusted net savings (% of GNI)

Rate of savings in an economy that takes into account investments in human capital, depletion of natural resources and damage caused by pollution (including particulate emissions), expressed as a percentage of gross national income (GNI). A negative value implies an unsustainable path.

Source: World Bank (2011a).

Data in the tables are those available to the Human Development Report Office as of 15 May 2011, unless otherwise specified.

HDI Rank Country 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
.. Very high human development 12.3 11.0 10.3 9.0 9.7 9.4 8.1 6.6
.. High human development 7.0 4.5 4.2 6.2 6.3 6.9 6.1 5.0
.. Medium human development 15.6 21.2 18.5 24.0 25.6 26.1 22.3 27.2
.. Low human development 5.4 7.7 6.1 9.7 9.8 11.3 11.0 11.0
1 Norway 5.7 1 9.6 1 13.1 1 15.4 1 17.7 1 17.4 1 12.5 1 12.8 2
2 Australia 7.4 1 4.4 1 4.7 1 2.9 1 3.3 1 2.9 1 1.7 1 1.7 2
3 Netherlands 14.7 1 15.5 1 16.1 1 14.1 1 16.9 1 16.6 1 12.7 1 11.6 2
4 United States 7.0 1 8.5 1 9.8 1 6.1 1 7.0 1 4.5 1 1.4 1 -0.8 2
5 New Zealand 8.1 1 10.8 1 9.1 1 8.4 1 6.9 1 7.2 1 4.1 1 8.0 2
6 Canada 9.9 1 10.2 1 13.2 1 10.7 1 11.5 1 11.1 1 9.5 1 5.8 2
7 Ireland 18.8 1 19.6 1 20.5 1 21.9 1 21.6 1 18.7 1 12.3 1 -1.1 2
8 Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9 Germany .. 9.8 1 8.7 1 10.9 1 13.2 1 14.9 1 14.1 1 11.4 2
10 Sweden 16.9 1 17.3 1 18.4 1 19.4 1 20.6 1 22.3 1 21.9 1 16.0 2
11 Switzerland 18.7 1 16.8 1 20.0 1 20.1 1 21.2 1 18.3 1 13.5 1 21.6 2
12 Japan 21.4 1 14.6 1 10.8 1 9.0 1 9.3 1 10.2 1 15.3 1 12.1 2
13 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
14 Iceland 8.2 1 7.1 1 8.0 1 4.9 1 3.2 1 4.9 1 -2.7 1 4.1 2
15 Korea (Republic of) 27.8 1 26.9 1 21.3 1 21.8 1 20.8 1 20.9 1 20.6 1 20.0 2
16 Denmark 12.4 1 12.7 1 13.2 1 14.5 1 14.7 1 13.9 1 12.6 1 10.7 2
17 Israel 11.2 1 5.1 1 10.1 1 14.5 1 16.6 1 15.6 1 12.0 1 12.2 2
18 Belgium 17.7 1 17.1 1 18.0 1 14.4 1 14.8 1 15.5 1 12.6 1 13.2 2
19 Austria 14.7 1 12.2 1 14.4 1 14.5 1 15.6 1 17.1 1 16.6 1 15.0 2
20 France 13.6 1 12.4 1 14.0 1 10.7 1 11.1 1 11.7 1 10.6 1 7.0 2
21 Slovenia .. 11.3 1 11.8 1 15.2 1 16.6 1 17.3 1 16.3 1 13.6 2
22 Finland 12.0 1 11.4 1 18.6 1 15.6 1 16.0 1 17.2 1 15.2 1 8.1 2
23 Spain 12.9 1 12.7 1 12.2 1 10.7 1 10.4 1 9.4 1 7.1 1 9.7 2
24 Italy 9.5 1 11.3 1 9.5 1 7.9 1 8.2 1 8.2 1 5.5 1 6.1 2
25 Luxembourg .. 21.9 1 21.6 1 26.3 1 20.9 1 26.0 1 21.4 1 7.6 2
26 Singapore 31.5 1 40.0 1 34.6 1 28.7 1 31.4 1 33.3 1 33.0 1 33.0 2
27 Czech Republic .. 12.1 1 6.5 1 9.4 1 10.5 1 10.5 1 8.2 1 11.3 2
28 United Kingdom 5.8 1 6.7 1 6.4 1 6.3 1 6.1 1 7.7 1 6.5 1 2.2 2
29 Greece 6.9 1 7.3 1 2.7 1 0.7 1 -0.1 1 -2.0 1 -4.4 1 -7.9 2
30 United Arab Emirates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
31 Cyprus 15.8 1 13.1 1 6.4 1 6.7 1 6.3 1 3.0 1 0.4 1 0.4 2
32 Andorra .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
33 Brunei Darussalam .. .. .. -6.4 1 -1.8 1 .. .. -1.8 2
34 Estonia .. 15.1 1 13.9 1 15.0 1 13.8 1 14.6 1 10.3 1 14.4 2
35 Slovakia .. 9.2 1 4.5 1 3.9 1 3.8 1 8.2 1 9.0 1 19.8 2
36 Malta .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
37 Qatar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
38 Hungary 19.3 1 1.2 1 5.5 1 8.4 1 8.4 1 6.8 1 4.5 1 4.5 2
39 Poland 22.6 1 9.1 1 8.1 1 8.6 1 9.1 1 10.7 1 9.8 1 9.7 2
40 Lithuania .. 4.1 1 0.2 1 7.8 1 7.1 1 8.3 1 6.0 1 6.0 2
41 Portugal 16.1 1 12.8 1 7.8 1 3.2 1 1.8 1 2.2 1 -0.6 1 -1.8 2
42 Bahrain -24.9 1 -7.0 1 -9.5 1 7.0 1 9.4 1 14.4 1 10.6 1 10.6 2
43 Latvia .. -7.1 1 0.6 1 9.2 1 6.2 1 9.8 1 10.7 1 20.4 2
44 Chile 2.8 1 9.9 1 5.4 1 6.5 1 3.4 1 3.5 1 1.3 1 3.2 2
45 Argentina 1.4 1 4.1 1 0.8 1 5.5 1 9.1 1 10.7 1 7.8 1 10.6 2
46 Croatia .. .. .. 11.6 1 12.3 1 11.8 1 10.9 1 12.3 2
47 Barbados .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
48 Uruguay 4.3 1 2.9 1 -0.3 1 7.7 1 5.7 1 6.0 1 5.4 1 6.1 2
49 Palau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
50 Romania 6.1 1 7.4 1 2.9 1 4.7 1 6.6 1 10.3 1 11.5 1 18.8 2
51 Cuba .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
52 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
53 Bahamas .. 15.9 1 22.9 1 .. .. .. .. ..
54 Montenegro .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
55 Bulgaria 5.3 1 5.2 1 0.7 1 4.0 1 1.9 1 -3.7 1 3.9 1 6.1 2
56 Saudi Arabia -16.2 1 -6.3 1 -1.9 1 5.2 1 3.0 1 1.6 1 -0.5 1 -3.9 2
57 Mexico 7.0 1 8.0 1 11.4 1 9.4 1 11.2 1 10.5 1 9.9 1 9.1 2
58 Panama 21.5 1 27.7 1 20.5 1 17.2 1 18.6 1 23.4 1 20.8 1 28.4 2
59 Serbia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
60 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
61 Malaysia 13.2 1 21.4 1 21.4 1 16.5 1 18.0 1 19.4 1 16.4 1 15.4 2
62 Trinidad and Tobago -7.7 1 5.9 1 -3.9 1 -1.9 1 -16.7 1 -9.0 1 -32.4 1 -32.4 2
63 Kuwait -9.1 1 5.8 1 11.6 1 13.7 1 21.5 1 17.2 1 15.7 1 15.7 2
64 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
65 Belarus .. 12.9 1 13.8 1 22.3 1 20.8 1 19.2 1 20.6 1 16.9 2
66 Russian Federation .. -5.1 1 -0.8 1 1.8 1 -0.9 1 2.4 1 1.1 1 -0.8 2
67 Grenada .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
68 Kazakhstan .. -12.4 1 -24.1 1 -15.4 1 -8.7 1 -6.5 1 -9.4 1 -1.2 2
69 Costa Rica 10.0 1 13.1 1 11.6 1 14.1 1 16.5 1 16.6 1 25.5 1 15.2 2
70 Albania .. 12.4 1 14.7 1 7.9 1 8.1 1 5.6 1 3.3 1 3 8.2 2
71 Lebanon .. .. .. -4.5 1 2.6 1 7.1 1 0.5 1 2.7 2
72 Saint Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
73 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) -5.6 1 -1.1 1 9.1 1 7.5 1 7.9 1 6.8 1 6.8 1 2.9 2
74 Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
75 Georgia .. .. 8.3 1 13.9 1 7.4 1 4.3 1 -4.6 1 -7.1 2
76 Ukraine .. 1.6 1 -1.8 1 10.1 1 11.6 1 12.3 1 9.7 1 5.6 2
77 Mauritius 18.6 1 17.5 1 18.3 1 9.8 1 9.2 1 12.7 1 8.1 1 8.0 2
78 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia .. .. 15.5 1 14.0 1 15.9 1 14.6 1 9.2 1 11.6 2
79 Jamaica 9.2 1 19.0 1 13.4 1 12.7 1 13.4 1 9.1 1 3.1 1 6.9 2
80 Peru 3.8 1 6.0 1 7.8 1 8.4 1 6.7 1 6.9 1 6.9 1 8.6 2
81 Dominica .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
82 Saint Lucia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
83 Ecuador -23.2 1 2.7 1 2.8 1 -0.4 1 -0.3 1 0.3 1 2.2 1 4.4 2
84 Brazil 11.3 1 7.8 1 4.4 1 7.1 1 7.2 1 7.8 1 7.3 1 4.6 2
85 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13.1 1 8.8 1 15.3 1 3.6 1 5.6 1 -5.2 1 -10.8 1 -8.8 2
86 Armenia .. -24.5 1 -11.7 1 15.6 1 21.0 1 18.6 1 18.1 1 9.6 2
87 Colombia 7.4 1 7.9 1 0.2 1 4.1 1 4.0 1 3.4 1 1.3 1 5.4 2
88 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 3.4 1 7.1 1 1.7 1 .. .. .. .. ..
89 Oman -17.7 1 -20.8 1 -12.2 1 -10.3 1 -8.4 1 3.1 1 -7.9 1 -7.9 2
90 Tonga .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
91 Azerbaijan .. -27.7 1 -37.4 1 -8.2 1 -5.3 1 -2.2 1 1.4 1 5.4 2
92 Turkey 15.6 1 15.6 1 13.9 1 6.2 1 6.5 1 5.5 1 6.2 1 2.9 2
93 Belize 33.4 1 23.0 1 6.6 1 -1.4 1 8.6 1 7.5 1 9.2 1 9.2 2
94 Tunisia 14.2 1 12.9 1 15.9 1 12.3 1 13.5 1 11.3 1 6.4 1 14.6 2
95 Jordan 17.6 1 24.8 1 14.9 1 10.2 1 12.7 1 4.0 1 3.5 1 3.0 2
96 Algeria 13.0 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
97 Sri Lanka 16.9 1 15.5 1 18.2 1 21.4 1 19.7 1 20.4 1 15.0 1 16.4 2
98 Dominican Republic 9.3 1 12.0 1 8.6 1 3.5 1 3.3 1 1.3 1 -1.7 1 0.4 2
99 Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
100 Fiji 0.8 1 14.3 1 15.3 1 12.7 1 -0.1 1 4.1 1 3.4 1 3.4 2
101 China 19.8 1 29.9 1 24.7 1 35.2 1 37.9 1 37.6 1 36.4 1 39.7 2
102 Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
103 Thailand 25.6 1 24.9 1 16.4 1 17.4 1 19.6 1 23.2 1 17.8 1 20.5 2
104 Suriname 0.3 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
105 El Salvador 4.8 1 8.3 1 4.6 1 3.4 1 4.1 1 1.7 1 -0.5 1 3.7 2
106 Gabon .. -8.1 1 0.2 1 1.8 1 .. .. .. 1.8 2
107 Paraguay 8.3 1 10.8 1 4.4 1 11.6 1 12.6 1 10.1 1 6.9 1 5.2 2
108 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) -3.2 1 1.9 1 -0.6 1 11.8 1 11.0 1 0.4 1 -3.0 1 6.2 2
109 Maldives .. 38.2 1 28.1 1 31.4 1 .. .. .. 31.4 2
110 Mongolia -29.8 1 18.0 1 9.7 1 25.5 1 25.4 1 23.0 1 8.8 1 24.9 2
111 Moldova (Republic of) .. .. 11.1 1 15.6 1 16.3 1 21.2 1 18.2 1 16.2 2
112 Philippines 12.0 1 10.3 1 28.6 1 17.9 1 20.6 1 20.7 1 21.3 1 28.0 2
113 Egypt 11.7 1 8.6 1 8.3 1 2.1 1 4.8 1 7.2 1 4.1 1 3.1 2
114 Occupied Palestinian Territory .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
115 Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
116 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
117 Guyana -31.3 1 14.9 1 -0.2 1 -35.0 1 16.2 1 6.6 1 -0.4 1 -0.4 2
118 Botswana 36.6 1 27.9 1 37.0 1 38.3 1 34.5 1 29.0 1 26.5 1 9.6 2
119 Syrian Arab Republic -11.9 1 -4.4 1 -11.1 1 -12.1 1 -9.6 1 -7.0 1 -14.1 1 -14.1 2
120 Namibia .. 24.2 1 20.8 1 21.8 1 25.5 1 25.2 1 25.7 1 21.9 2
121 Honduras 17.4 1 24.6 1 19.2 1 21.7 1 18.6 1 17.0 1 15.6 1 9.5 2
122 Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
123 South Africa 4.4 1 6.9 1 5.4 1 3.5 1 2.7 1 1.1 1 -4.0 1 0.4 2
124 Indonesia 16.0 1 19.3 1 12.4 1 0.1 1 2.1 1 1.4 1 0.5 1 11.0 2
125 Vanuatu 20.1 1 12.7 1 4.8 1 .. 12.8 1 12.4 1 .. 12.4 2
126 Kyrgyzstan .. 1.9 1 1.2 1 4.1 1 3.8 1 1.8 1 8.7 1 9.4 2
127 Tajikistan .. .. .. -18.4 1 -10.0 1 6.9 1 7.1 1 6.2 2
128 Viet Nam .. .. 16.8 1 17.5 1 18.3 1 17.4 1 9.7 1 16.6 2
129 Nicaragua 11.2 1 -7.6 1 1.8 1 8.7 1 10.0 1 8.2 1 4.6 1 3.4 2
130 Morocco 20.6 1 12.1 1 19.3 1 26.7 1 27.2 1 26.7 1 22.6 1 25.0 2
131 Guatemala 1.0 1 1.1 1 1.8 1 5.8 1 8.2 1 8.7 1 4.4 1 4.0 2
132 Iraq .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
133 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
134 India 11.6 1 14.8 1 14.9 1 22.1 1 22.8 1 24.6 1 17.2 1 24.1 2
135 Ghana 3.3 1 8.8 1 5.6 1 11.7 1 -5.5 1 -12.2 1 -12.5 1 -4.7 2
136 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
137 Congo -35.5 1 -66.6 1 -38.3 1 -54.1 1 -76.7 1 -44.7 1 .. -44.7 2
138 Lao People's Democratic Republic .. .. 9.3 1 9.8 1 13.8 1 15.3 1 17.8 1 17.8 2
139 Cambodia .. .. 6.7 1 7.2 1 11.5 1 10.0 1 11.5 1 13.0 2
140 Swaziland 10.5 1 8.9 1 7.3 1 18.2 1 13.8 1 17.2 1 4.1 1 -0.9 2
141 Bhutan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
142 Solomon Islands .. .. -18.4 1 -21.2 1 -3.7 1 .. .. -3.7 2
143 Kenya 14.6 1 18.8 1 7.0 1 12.0 1 13.2 1 13.6 1 12.0 1 13.1 2
144 Sao Tome and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
145 Pakistan 9.7 1 9.1 1 9.3 1 12.4 1 12.3 1 12.2 1 15.9 1 10.7 2
146 Bangladesh 6.9 1 11.4 1 15.9 1 20.3 1 23.1 1 24.0 1 23.1 1 27.1 2
147 Timor-Leste .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
148 Angola -27.3 1 .. -32.5 1 -34.1 1 -18.4 1 -23.7 1 -39.0 1 4 -29.2 2
149 Myanmar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
150 Cameroon 3.9 1 2.9 1 1.0 1 5.1 1 6.0 1 6.8 1 .. 6.8 2
151 Madagascar 3.9 1 -3.2 1 2.9 1 3.9 1 .. .. .. 3.9 2
152 Tanzania (United Republic of) 10.0 1 6.4 1 12.4 1 11.4 1 8.2 1 9.6 1 5.8 1 13.5 2
153 Papua New Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
154 Yemen .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
155 Senegal -3.9 1 2.7 1 4.3 1 13.1 1 10.8 1 11.1 1 7.8 1 7.8 2
156 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
157 Nepal 6.4 1 17.8 1 16.5 1 24.0 1 22.2 1 21.9 1 30.6 1 29.1 2
158 Haiti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
159 Mauritania 5.5 1 3.9 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
160 Lesotho 40.1 1 26.1 1 17.0 1 16.5 1 26.9 1 33.5 1 28.1 1 24.4 2
161 Uganda -5.2 1 1.1 1 3.0 1 13.5 1 9.6 1 8.4 1 12.7 1 8.6 2
162 Togo 15.5 1 8.7 1 -8.2 1 2.4 1 .. .. .. ..
163 Comoros 9.2 1 5.3 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
164 Zambia 2.8 1 .. -9.3 1 4.8 1 4.1 1 1.4 1 -0.1 1 1.4 2
165 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
166 Rwanda 6.4 1 11.7 1 5.6 1 9.4 1 3.3 1 8.3 1 10.6 1 8.8 2
167 Benin -1.7 1 3.0 1 3.1 1 4.6 1 3.9 1 2.3 1 4.1 1 4.1 2
168 Gambia 13.1 1 2.9 1 .. 4.4 1 13.8 1 11.7 1 3.9 1 12.9 2
169 Sudan* -5.4 1 -3.5 1 -9.6 1 -3.1 1 -6.7 1 -5.8 1 -8.6 1 -7.1 2
170 Côte d'Ivoire -10.3 1 6.9 1 4.6 1 1.2 1 1.5 1 -1.3 1 1.9 1 7.3 2
171 Malawi 10.1 1 2.8 1 5.9 1 .. .. .. .. ..
172 Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
173 Zimbabwe 12.6 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
174 Ethiopia 8.6 1 7.5 1 2.1 1 2.8 1 0.8 1 13.5 1 8.8 1 8.3 2
175 Mali 12.0 1 8.4 1 10.1 1 6.9 1 10.1 1 13.5 1 .. 13.5 2
176 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
177 Eritrea .. 12.7 1 -1.5 1 .. .. .. .. ..
178 Guinea 2.9 1 9.9 1 3.6 1 .. .. -15.3 1 -11.6 1 -4.2 2
179 Central African Republic -0.1 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
180 Sierra Leone -15.8 1 -11.7 1 -10.5 1 4.1 1 3.3 1 4.2 1 -0.2 1 1.2 2
181 Burkina Faso 9.6 1 .. -1.1 1 4.3 1 2.3 1 .. .. 2.3 2
182 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. -18.3 1 -18.3 2
183 Chad -4.5 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
184 Mozambique 3.4 1 4.2 1 1.7 1 -1.2 1 -2.2 1 -2.3 1 -7.1 1 2.0 2
185 Burundi 3.0 1 -3.2 1 -6.8 1 -7.3 1 -6.8 1 .. .. -6.8 2
186 Niger -7.7 1 -10.2 1 -2.8 1 16.2 1 .. .. .. 16.2 2
187 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. Nauru .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Footnotes
1. Includes particulate emissions damage.
2. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
3. Data refer to a year other than that specified.
4. Data refer to Serbia and Montenegro prior to its separation into two independent states in June 2006. Data exclude Kosovo.

Symbols
.. Data not available
(.) Greater (or less) than zero but small enough to be rounded off to zero at the displayed number of decimal points
< Less than
- Not applicable
T Total

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2011 Report