International Human Development Indicators - United Nations Development Programme

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Adjusted net savings (% of GNI)

Rate of savings in an economy that takes into account investments in human capital, depletion of natural resources and damage caused by pollution (including particulate emissions), expressed as a percentage of gross national income (GNI). A negative value implies an unsustainable path.

Source: World Bank (2011a).

Data in the tables are those available to the Human Development Report Office as of 15 May 2011, unless otherwise specified.

HDI Rank	Country	1990	1995	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
..	Very high human development	12.3	11.0	10.3	9.0	9.7	9.4	8.1	6.6
..	High human development	7.0	4.5	4.2	6.2	6.3	6.9	6.1	5.0
..	Medium human development	15.6	21.2	18.5	24.0	25.6	26.1	22.3	27.2
..	Low human development	5.4	7.7	6.1	9.7	9.8	11.3	11.0	11.0
1	Norway	5.7 1	9.6 1	13.1 1	15.4 1	17.7 1	17.4 1	12.5 1	12.8 2
2	Australia	7.4 1	4.4 1	4.7 1	2.9 1	3.3 1	2.9 1	1.7 1	1.7 2
3	Netherlands	14.7 1	15.5 1	16.1 1	14.1 1	16.9 1	16.6 1	12.7 1	11.6 2
4	United States	7.0 1	8.5 1	9.8 1	6.1 1	7.0 1	4.5 1	1.4 1	-0.8 2
5	New Zealand	8.1 1	10.8 1	9.1 1	8.4 1	6.9 1	7.2 1	4.1 1	8.0 2
6	Canada	9.9 1	10.2 1	13.2 1	10.7 1	11.5 1	11.1 1	9.5 1	5.8 2
7	Ireland	18.8 1	19.6 1	20.5 1	21.9 1	21.6 1	18.7 1	12.3 1	-1.1 2
8	Liechtenstein	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
9	Germany	..	9.8 1	8.7 1	10.9 1	13.2 1	14.9 1	14.1 1	11.4 2
10	Sweden	16.9 1	17.3 1	18.4 1	19.4 1	20.6 1	22.3 1	21.9 1	16.0 2
11	Switzerland	18.7 1	16.8 1	20.0 1	20.1 1	21.2 1	18.3 1	13.5 1	21.6 2
12	Japan	21.4 1	14.6 1	10.8 1	9.0 1	9.3 1	10.2 1	15.3 1	12.1 2
13	Hong Kong, China (SAR)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
14	Iceland	8.2 1	7.1 1	8.0 1	4.9 1	3.2 1	4.9 1	-2.7 1	4.1 2
15	Korea (Republic of)	27.8 1	26.9 1	21.3 1	21.8 1	20.8 1	20.9 1	20.6 1	20.0 2
16	Denmark	12.4 1	12.7 1	13.2 1	14.5 1	14.7 1	13.9 1	12.6 1	10.7 2
17	Israel	11.2 1	5.1 1	10.1 1	14.5 1	16.6 1	15.6 1	12.0 1	12.2 2
18	Belgium	17.7 1	17.1 1	18.0 1	14.4 1	14.8 1	15.5 1	12.6 1	13.2 2
19	Austria	14.7 1	12.2 1	14.4 1	14.5 1	15.6 1	17.1 1	16.6 1	15.0 2
20	France	13.6 1	12.4 1	14.0 1	10.7 1	11.1 1	11.7 1	10.6 1	7.0 2
21	Slovenia	..	11.3 1	11.8 1	15.2 1	16.6 1	17.3 1	16.3 1	13.6 2
22	Finland	12.0 1	11.4 1	18.6 1	15.6 1	16.0 1	17.2 1	15.2 1	8.1 2
23	Spain	12.9 1	12.7 1	12.2 1	10.7 1	10.4 1	9.4 1	7.1 1	9.7 2
24	Italy	9.5 1	11.3 1	9.5 1	7.9 1	8.2 1	8.2 1	5.5 1	6.1 2
25	Luxembourg	..	21.9 1	21.6 1	26.3 1	20.9 1	26.0 1	21.4 1	7.6 2
26	Singapore	31.5 1	40.0 1	34.6 1	28.7 1	31.4 1	33.3 1	33.0 1	33.0 2
27	Czech Republic	..	12.1 1	6.5 1	9.4 1	10.5 1	10.5 1	8.2 1	11.3 2
28	United Kingdom	5.8 1	6.7 1	6.4 1	6.3 1	6.1 1	7.7 1	6.5 1	2.2 2
29	Greece	6.9 1	7.3 1	2.7 1	0.7 1	-0.1 1	-2.0 1	-4.4 1	-7.9 2
30	United Arab Emirates	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
31	Cyprus	15.8 1	13.1 1	6.4 1	6.7 1	6.3 1	3.0 1	0.4 1	0.4 2
32	Andorra	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
33	Brunei Darussalam	..	..	..	-6.4 1	-1.8 1	..	..	-1.8 2
34	Estonia	..	15.1 1	13.9 1	15.0 1	13.8 1	14.6 1	10.3 1	14.4 2
35	Slovakia	..	9.2 1	4.5 1	3.9 1	3.8 1	8.2 1	9.0 1	19.8 2
36	Malta	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
37	Qatar	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
38	Hungary	19.3 1	1.2 1	5.5 1	8.4 1	8.4 1	6.8 1	4.5 1	4.5 2
39	Poland	22.6 1	9.1 1	8.1 1	8.6 1	9.1 1	10.7 1	9.8 1	9.7 2
40	Lithuania	..	4.1 1	0.2 1	7.8 1	7.1 1	8.3 1	6.0 1	6.0 2
41	Portugal	16.1 1	12.8 1	7.8 1	3.2 1	1.8 1	2.2 1	-0.6 1	-1.8 2
42	Bahrain	-24.9 1	-7.0 1	-9.5 1	7.0 1	9.4 1	14.4 1	10.6 1	10.6 2
43	Latvia	..	-7.1 1	0.6 1	9.2 1	6.2 1	9.8 1	10.7 1	20.4 2
44	Chile	2.8 1	9.9 1	5.4 1	6.5 1	3.4 1	3.5 1	1.3 1	3.2 2
45	Argentina	1.4 1	4.1 1	0.8 1	5.5 1	9.1 1	10.7 1	7.8 1	10.6 2
46	Croatia	..	..	..	11.6 1	12.3 1	11.8 1	10.9 1	12.3 2
47	Barbados	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
48	Uruguay	4.3 1	2.9 1	-0.3 1	7.7 1	5.7 1	6.0 1	5.4 1	6.1 2
49	Palau	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
50	Romania	6.1 1	7.4 1	2.9 1	4.7 1	6.6 1	10.3 1	11.5 1	18.8 2
51	Cuba	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
52	Seychelles	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
53	Bahamas	..	15.9 1	22.9 1	..	..	..	..	..
54	Montenegro	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
55	Bulgaria	5.3 1	5.2 1	0.7 1	4.0 1	1.9 1	-3.7 1	3.9 1	6.1 2
56	Saudi Arabia	-16.2 1	-6.3 1	-1.9 1	5.2 1	3.0 1	1.6 1	-0.5 1	-3.9 2
57	Mexico	7.0 1	8.0 1	11.4 1	9.4 1	11.2 1	10.5 1	9.9 1	9.1 2
58	Panama	21.5 1	27.7 1	20.5 1	17.2 1	18.6 1	23.4 1	20.8 1	28.4 2
59	Serbia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
60	Antigua and Barbuda	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
61	Malaysia	13.2 1	21.4 1	21.4 1	16.5 1	18.0 1	19.4 1	16.4 1	15.4 2
62	Trinidad and Tobago	-7.7 1	5.9 1	-3.9 1	-1.9 1	-16.7 1	-9.0 1	-32.4 1	-32.4 2
63	Kuwait	-9.1 1	5.8 1	11.6 1	13.7 1	21.5 1	17.2 1	15.7 1	15.7 2
64	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
65	Belarus	..	12.9 1	13.8 1	22.3 1	20.8 1	19.2 1	20.6 1	16.9 2
66	Russian Federation	..	-5.1 1	-0.8 1	1.8 1	-0.9 1	2.4 1	1.1 1	-0.8 2
67	Grenada	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
68	Kazakhstan	..	-12.4 1	-24.1 1	-15.4 1	-8.7 1	-6.5 1	-9.4 1	-1.2 2
69	Costa Rica	10.0 1	13.1 1	11.6 1	14.1 1	16.5 1	16.6 1	25.5 1	15.2 2
70	Albania	..	12.4 1	14.7 1	7.9 1	8.1 1	5.6 1	3.3 1 3	8.2 2
71	Lebanon	..	..	..	-4.5 1	2.6 1	7.1 1	0.5 1	2.7 2
72	Saint Kitts and Nevis	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
73	Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	-5.6 1	-1.1 1	9.1 1	7.5 1	7.9 1	6.8 1	6.8 1	2.9 2
74	Bosnia and Herzegovina	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
75	Georgia	..	..	8.3 1	13.9 1	7.4 1	4.3 1	-4.6 1	-7.1 2
76	Ukraine	..	1.6 1	-1.8 1	10.1 1	11.6 1	12.3 1	9.7 1	5.6 2
77	Mauritius	18.6 1	17.5 1	18.3 1	9.8 1	9.2 1	12.7 1	8.1 1	8.0 2
78	The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	..	..	15.5 1	14.0 1	15.9 1	14.6 1	9.2 1	11.6 2
79	Jamaica	9.2 1	19.0 1	13.4 1	12.7 1	13.4 1	9.1 1	3.1 1	6.9 2
80	Peru	3.8 1	6.0 1	7.8 1	8.4 1	6.7 1	6.9 1	6.9 1	8.6 2
81	Dominica	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
82	Saint Lucia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
83	Ecuador	-23.2 1	2.7 1	2.8 1	-0.4 1	-0.3 1	0.3 1	2.2 1	4.4 2
84	Brazil	11.3 1	7.8 1	4.4 1	7.1 1	7.2 1	7.8 1	7.3 1	4.6 2
85	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	13.1 1	8.8 1	15.3 1	3.6 1	5.6 1	-5.2 1	-10.8 1	-8.8 2
86	Armenia	..	-24.5 1	-11.7 1	15.6 1	21.0 1	18.6 1	18.1 1	9.6 2
87	Colombia	7.4 1	7.9 1	0.2 1	4.1 1	4.0 1	3.4 1	1.3 1	5.4 2
88	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	3.4 1	7.1 1	1.7 1	..	..	..	..	..
89	Oman	-17.7 1	-20.8 1	-12.2 1	-10.3 1	-8.4 1	3.1 1	-7.9 1	-7.9 2
90	Tonga	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
91	Azerbaijan	..	-27.7 1	-37.4 1	-8.2 1	-5.3 1	-2.2 1	1.4 1	5.4 2
92	Turkey	15.6 1	15.6 1	13.9 1	6.2 1	6.5 1	5.5 1	6.2 1	2.9 2
93	Belize	33.4 1	23.0 1	6.6 1	-1.4 1	8.6 1	7.5 1	9.2 1	9.2 2
94	Tunisia	14.2 1	12.9 1	15.9 1	12.3 1	13.5 1	11.3 1	6.4 1	14.6 2
95	Jordan	17.6 1	24.8 1	14.9 1	10.2 1	12.7 1	4.0 1	3.5 1	3.0 2
96	Algeria	13.0 1	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
97	Sri Lanka	16.9 1	15.5 1	18.2 1	21.4 1	19.7 1	20.4 1	15.0 1	16.4 2
98	Dominican Republic	9.3 1	12.0 1	8.6 1	3.5 1	3.3 1	1.3 1	-1.7 1	0.4 2
99	Samoa	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
100	Fiji	0.8 1	14.3 1	15.3 1	12.7 1	-0.1 1	4.1 1	3.4 1	3.4 2
101	China	19.8 1	29.9 1	24.7 1	35.2 1	37.9 1	37.6 1	36.4 1	39.7 2
102	Turkmenistan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
103	Thailand	25.6 1	24.9 1	16.4 1	17.4 1	19.6 1	23.2 1	17.8 1	20.5 2
104	Suriname	0.3 1	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
105	El Salvador	4.8 1	8.3 1	4.6 1	3.4 1	4.1 1	1.7 1	-0.5 1	3.7 2
106	Gabon	..	-8.1 1	0.2 1	1.8 1	..	..	..	1.8 2
107	Paraguay	8.3 1	10.8 1	4.4 1	11.6 1	12.6 1	10.1 1	6.9 1	5.2 2
108	Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	-3.2 1	1.9 1	-0.6 1	11.8 1	11.0 1	0.4 1	-3.0 1	6.2 2
109	Maldives	..	38.2 1	28.1 1	31.4 1	..	..	..	31.4 2
110	Mongolia	-29.8 1	18.0 1	9.7 1	25.5 1	25.4 1	23.0 1	8.8 1	24.9 2
111	Moldova (Republic of)	..	..	11.1 1	15.6 1	16.3 1	21.2 1	18.2 1	16.2 2
112	Philippines	12.0 1	10.3 1	28.6 1	17.9 1	20.6 1	20.7 1	21.3 1	28.0 2
113	Egypt	11.7 1	8.6 1	8.3 1	2.1 1	4.8 1	7.2 1	4.1 1	3.1 2
114	Occupied Palestinian Territory	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
115	Uzbekistan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
116	Micronesia (Federated States of)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
117	Guyana	-31.3 1	14.9 1	-0.2 1	-35.0 1	16.2 1	6.6 1	-0.4 1	-0.4 2
118	Botswana	36.6 1	27.9 1	37.0 1	38.3 1	34.5 1	29.0 1	26.5 1	9.6 2
119	Syrian Arab Republic	-11.9 1	-4.4 1	-11.1 1	-12.1 1	-9.6 1	-7.0 1	-14.1 1	-14.1 2
120	Namibia	..	24.2 1	20.8 1	21.8 1	25.5 1	25.2 1	25.7 1	21.9 2
121	Honduras	17.4 1	24.6 1	19.2 1	21.7 1	18.6 1	17.0 1	15.6 1	9.5 2
122	Kiribati	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
123	South Africa	4.4 1	6.9 1	5.4 1	3.5 1	2.7 1	1.1 1	-4.0 1	0.4 2
124	Indonesia	16.0 1	19.3 1	12.4 1	0.1 1	2.1 1	1.4 1	0.5 1	11.0 2
125	Vanuatu	20.1 1	12.7 1	4.8 1	..	12.8 1	12.4 1	..	12.4 2
126	Kyrgyzstan	..	1.9 1	1.2 1	4.1 1	3.8 1	1.8 1	8.7 1	9.4 2
127	Tajikistan	..	..	..	-18.4 1	-10.0 1	6.9 1	7.1 1	6.2 2
128	Viet Nam	..	..	16.8 1	17.5 1	18.3 1	17.4 1	9.7 1	16.6 2
129	Nicaragua	11.2 1	-7.6 1	1.8 1	8.7 1	10.0 1	8.2 1	4.6 1	3.4 2
130	Morocco	20.6 1	12.1 1	19.3 1	26.7 1	27.2 1	26.7 1	22.6 1	25.0 2
131	Guatemala	1.0 1	1.1 1	1.8 1	5.8 1	8.2 1	8.7 1	4.4 1	4.0 2
132	Iraq	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
133	Cape Verde	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
134	India	11.6 1	14.8 1	14.9 1	22.1 1	22.8 1	24.6 1	17.2 1	24.1 2
135	Ghana	3.3 1	8.8 1	5.6 1	11.7 1	-5.5 1	-12.2 1	-12.5 1	-4.7 2
136	Equatorial Guinea	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
137	Congo	-35.5 1	-66.6 1	-38.3 1	-54.1 1	-76.7 1	-44.7 1	..	-44.7 2
138	Lao People's Democratic Republic	..	..	9.3 1	9.8 1	13.8 1	15.3 1	17.8 1	17.8 2
139	Cambodia	..	..	6.7 1	7.2 1	11.5 1	10.0 1	11.5 1	13.0 2
140	Swaziland	10.5 1	8.9 1	7.3 1	18.2 1	13.8 1	17.2 1	4.1 1	-0.9 2
141	Bhutan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
142	Solomon Islands	..	..	-18.4 1	-21.2 1	-3.7 1	..	..	-3.7 2
143	Kenya	14.6 1	18.8 1	7.0 1	12.0 1	13.2 1	13.6 1	12.0 1	13.1 2
144	Sao Tome and Principe	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
145	Pakistan	9.7 1	9.1 1	9.3 1	12.4 1	12.3 1	12.2 1	15.9 1	10.7 2
146	Bangladesh	6.9 1	11.4 1	15.9 1	20.3 1	23.1 1	24.0 1	23.1 1	27.1 2
147	Timor-Leste	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
148	Angola	-27.3 1	..	-32.5 1	-34.1 1	-18.4 1	-23.7 1	-39.0 1 4	-29.2 2
149	Myanmar	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
150	Cameroon	3.9 1	2.9 1	1.0 1	5.1 1	6.0 1	6.8 1	..	6.8 2
151	Madagascar	3.9 1	-3.2 1	2.9 1	3.9 1	..	..	..	3.9 2
152	Tanzania (United Republic of)	10.0 1	6.4 1	12.4 1	11.4 1	8.2 1	9.6 1	5.8 1	13.5 2
153	Papua New Guinea	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
154	Yemen	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
155	Senegal	-3.9 1	2.7 1	4.3 1	13.1 1	10.8 1	11.1 1	7.8 1	7.8 2
156	Nigeria	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
157	Nepal	6.4 1	17.8 1	16.5 1	24.0 1	22.2 1	21.9 1	30.6 1	29.1 2
158	Haiti	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
159	Mauritania	5.5 1	3.9 1	..	..	..	..	..	..
160	Lesotho	40.1 1	26.1 1	17.0 1	16.5 1	26.9 1	33.5 1	28.1 1	24.4 2
161	Uganda	-5.2 1	1.1 1	3.0 1	13.5 1	9.6 1	8.4 1	12.7 1	8.6 2
162	Togo	15.5 1	8.7 1	-8.2 1	2.4 1	..	..	..	..
163	Comoros	9.2 1	5.3 1	..	..	..	..	..	..
164	Zambia	2.8 1	..	-9.3 1	4.8 1	4.1 1	1.4 1	-0.1 1	1.4 2
165	Djibouti	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
166	Rwanda	6.4 1	11.7 1	5.6 1	9.4 1	3.3 1	8.3 1	10.6 1	8.8 2
167	Benin	-1.7 1	3.0 1	3.1 1	4.6 1	3.9 1	2.3 1	4.1 1	4.1 2
168	Gambia	13.1 1	2.9 1	..	4.4 1	13.8 1	11.7 1	3.9 1	12.9 2
169	Sudan*	-5.4 1	-3.5 1	-9.6 1	-3.1 1	-6.7 1	-5.8 1	-8.6 1	-7.1 2
170	Côte d'Ivoire	-10.3 1	6.9 1	4.6 1	1.2 1	1.5 1	-1.3 1	1.9 1	7.3 2
171	Malawi	10.1 1	2.8 1	5.9 1	..	..	..	..	..
172	Afghanistan	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
173	Zimbabwe	12.6 1	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
174	Ethiopia	8.6 1	7.5 1	2.1 1	2.8 1	0.8 1	13.5 1	8.8 1	8.3 2
175	Mali	12.0 1	8.4 1	10.1 1	6.9 1	10.1 1	13.5 1	..	13.5 2
176	Guinea-Bissau	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
177	Eritrea	..	12.7 1	-1.5 1	..	..	..	..	..
178	Guinea	2.9 1	9.9 1	3.6 1	..	..	-15.3 1	-11.6 1	-4.2 2
179	Central African Republic	-0.1 1	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
180	Sierra Leone	-15.8 1	-11.7 1	-10.5 1	4.1 1	3.3 1	4.2 1	-0.2 1	1.2 2
181	Burkina Faso	9.6 1	..	-1.1 1	4.3 1	2.3 1	..	..	2.3 2
182	Liberia	..	..	..	..	..	..	-18.3 1	-18.3 2
183	Chad	-4.5 1	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
184	Mozambique	3.4 1	4.2 1	1.7 1	-1.2 1	-2.2 1	-2.3 1	-7.1 1	2.0 2
185	Burundi	3.0 1	-3.2 1	-6.8 1	-7.3 1	-6.8 1	..	..	-6.8 2
186	Niger	-7.7 1	-10.2 1	-2.8 1	16.2 1	..	..	..	16.2 2
187	Congo (Democratic Republic of the)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	Tuvalu	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	Somalia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	San Marino	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	Nauru	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	Monaco	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	Marshall Islands	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of)	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

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Footnotes
1.	Includes particulate emissions damage.
2.	Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
3.	Data refer to a year other than that specified.
4.	Data refer to Serbia and Montenegro prior to its separation into two independent states in June 2006. Data exclude Kosovo.

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Symbols
..	Data not available
(.)	Greater (or less) than zero but small enough to be rounded off to zero at the displayed number of decimal points
<	Less than
-	Not applicable
T	Total

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